INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES with Mushroom

Kathy Wingard

"Positive steps against hunger and toward self-sufficiency".

INCOME GENERATION ACTIVITIES

Cultivation of Oyster and Paddy straw Mushroom can meet the huge deficiency of nutrition to the marginalized people.

Mushroom is a living organism and biologically known as fungus (pl. fungi). Its body is made up of cells that take the form of long filaments, known as hyphae (sing. hypha), and its structure as well as chemistry distinguishes it from other­ Kingdoms of Living World like Animal, Plant, Protista and Monera. Fungi, numbering about 200,000 species and distributed all over the world, have now earned the distinction of a separate Kingdom.

Mushroom is a fungus but every fungus is not a mushroom. Large macroscopic fleshy fungi are known as mushrooms. In the Kingdom of Fungi, the most species are microscopic and they do not come under the category of mushrooms. The larger fungi, which reproduce by forming mushrooms, flourish best in moist and shady habitats and biologically belong to the two sub-divisions of Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina, either is characterised by the formation of a special type of sexual spore, the ascospore and the basidiospore respectively. Each of these two sub-divisions of the fungi is further divided into a number of Classes, Orders, Families, Genera and Species. Mushroom growers in India are, however, concerned with only three specific genera of the sub-division of Basidiomycotina for commercial exploitation of the technology of mushroom cultivation. These genera include Agaricus, Pleurotus and Volvariella. Agaricus is commonly known as button mushroom, Pleurotus as oyster mushroom and Volvariella as paddy-straw mushroom. The cultivation of mushrooms in India has earned some considerable popularity in recent years with reference to the two Agaricus species (Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus bitorquis), the two Pleurotus species (Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) and the two Volvariella species (Volvariella diplasia and Volvariella volvacea).

In each of these cultivated species, the fruiting body (commonly known as mushroom) consists of an umbrella-shaped cap (also known as pileus) that is supported on a stalk (also known as stipe) that is produced through aggregation of mycelia in the substratum. A ring-like structure, known as annulus, is found on the stipe of Agaricus, and a cup-like structure, known as volva, is noticed at the base of the stipe of Volvariella. Neither annulus nor volva is present in Pleurotus. The two faces of the gills (also known as lamellae) which are situated underside of the pileus and radiated from the apex of the stipe to the margin of the pileus bear enormous number of spores which are released at intervals and germinate in a suitable substratum to produce a hypha. Each individual hypha is a filament that grows by extension at the apex. While growing in the substratum, it produces enzymes that effect a breaking down of complicated substances into simple molecules. These molecules are 'absorbed by the hypha to provide energy for further growth. The hypha branches out and produces a number of hyphae. These hyphae in the substratum do not behave independently but act as a colony. The interwoven hypha forms a fluffy mass, known as mycelium (pl. mycelia), which gradually spreads throughout the substratum. Under favourable conditions the mycelia aggregate to form small knot-like buds, the beginning of a fruiting body (also known as primordia). It quickly expands and emerges out form the substratum as a fully-grown fruiting body (also known as carpophore or fructification). 

Prepared and circulated by Action Research Institute, 47D Palm Avenue, Kolkata 700 019 

Positive steps against hunger and toward self-sufficiency.

Kathy Wingard

Mushroom is a living organism and biologically known as fungus (pl. fungi). Its body is made up of cells that take the form of long filaments, known as hyphae (sing. hypha), and its structure as well as chemistry distinguishes it from other­ Kingdoms of Living World like Animal, Plant, Protista and Monera. Fungi, numbering about 200,000 species and distributed all over the world, have now earned the distinction of a separate Kingdom.

Mushroom is a fungus but every fungus is not a mushroom. Large macroscopic fleshy fungi are known as mushrooms. In the Kingdom of Fungi, the most species are microscopic and they do not come under the category of mushrooms. The larger fungi, which reproduce by forming mushrooms, flourish best in moist and shady habitats and biologically belong to the two sub-divisions of Ascomycotina and Basidiomycotina, either is characterised by the formation of a special type of sexual spore, the ascospore and the basidiospore respectively. Each of these two sub-divisions of the fungi is further divided into a number of Classes, Orders, Families, Genera and Species. Mushroom growers in India are, however, concerned with only three specific genera of the sub-division of Basidiomycotina for commercial exploitation of the technology of mushroom cultivation. These genera include Agaricus, Pleurotus and Volvariella. Agaricus is commonly known as button mushroom, Pleurotus as oyster mushroom and Volvariella as paddy-straw mushroom. The cultivation of mushrooms in India has earned some considerable popularity in recent years with reference to the two Agaricus species (Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus bitorquis), the two Pleurotus species (Pleurotus sajor-caju and Pleurotus citrinopileatus) and the two Volvariella species (Volvariella diplasia and Volvariella volvacea).

In each of these cultivated species, the fruiting body (commonly known as mushroom) consists of an umbrella-shaped cap (also known as pileus) that is supported on a stalk (also known as stipe) that is produced through aggregation of mycelia in the substratum. A ring-like structure, known as annulus, is found on the stipe of Agaricus, and a cup-like structure, known as volva, is noticed at the base of the stipe of Volvariella. Neither annulus nor volva is present in Pleurotus. The two faces of the gills (also known as lamellae) which are situated underside of the pileus and radiated from the apex of the stipe to the margin of the pileus bear enormous number of spores which are released at intervals and germinate in a suitable substratum to produce a hypha. Each individual hypha is a filament that grows by extension at the apex. While growing in the substratum, it produces enzymes that effect a breaking down of complicated substances into simple molecules. These molecules are 'absorbed by the hypha to provide energy for further growth. The hypha branches out and produces a number of hyphae. These hyphae in the substratum do not behave independently but act as a colony. The interwoven hypha forms a fluffy mass, known as mycelium (pl. mycelia), which gradually spreads throughout the substratum. Under favourable conditions the mycelia aggregate to form small knot-like buds, the beginning of a fruiting body (also known as primordia). It quickly expands and emerges out form the substratum as a fully-grown fruiting body (also known as carpophore or fructification).

THE ASSUR CIVILIZATIONS

THE ASSUR CIVILIZATIONS

CATAL HUYUK, ASSYRIA(asura), EGYPT, MESOPATAMIA, INDUS, CHINA AND FANESIA were the ASURA Civilization.

Renowned scholars are coming into conclusion that, all the ancient CIVILIZATIONs those are discovered were ASUR CIVILIZATION (non-Aryan):

1)      CATAL HUYUK  in modern Turkey (85000-9000B.C.)

2)      MEHERGARH in modern  Pakistan(7000 BC)

3)      ASSYRIA/ASURA/MESOPOTAMIA  in modern Iraq(6000 BC)

4)      FANESIA/ABESTA  in Modern Iran(5500-6000)

5)      EGYPT in modern northern Africa.(4500-5000)

6)      INDUS in modern India and  Pakistan( 2500-4500 BC)

7)      CHINA  (1500-2000BC)

Assyria was a Semitic Akkadian kingdom, extant as a nation state from the late 25th or early–24th century BC to 608 BC^[1] centred on the Upper Tigris river, in northern Mesopotamia (present day northern Iraq), that came to rule regional empires a number of times through history. It was named for its original capital, the ancient city of Assur (Akkadian: 𒀸𒋗𒁺 𐎹 Aššūrāyu; Aramaic: ܐܫܘܿܪ Aššur; Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר Aššûr; Arabic: أشور Aššûr). Assyria was also sometimes known as Subartu, and after its fall, from 605 BC through to the late seventh century AD variously as Athura, Syria (Greek), Assyria (Latin) and Assuristan. The term Assyria can also refer to the geographic region or heartland where Assyria, its empires and the Assyrian people were centered. Their descendants still live in the region today, and they form the Assyrian Christian minority in modern Iraq, and exist also in north east Syria, south east Turkey and north west Iran.^[2][3]

 

 “A river watering the garden flowed from EDEN, and from there it divided, had four head streams …….The name of the third is the Tigris, it runs along the east of ASSUR. And the fourth river is the Euphrates”.

                                    Genesis, Old Testament, Holly Bible.

The land lying between the two rivers, the Euphrates and Tigris was known as Assyrian Civilization. The southern part of the Assyria was known as Sumer or Sumer-Akkad. Greek literature described the civilization as Mesopotamia the land between two rivers. The main city was as famous as their God’s name ASSUR. NINEV the Gorgeous city was established at the north-west part attained a high level civilized city. We got rock edict by the king ASSURNASIRPAL  and ASSURBANIPAL.

Assurbanipal was a great philosopher and scholar. Holly bible added the story of Noah’s Ark from his library.

Hammurabi the famous Assur king was the founder of judicial system.

And lastly INDUS the neighboring city of ASSUR had a keen socio-cultural and trade relation destroyed by the barbaric Aryans. 

MATUA is the Religious Revolution against Heen (rubbish) Dharma

MATUA is the Religious Revolution against Heen (rubbish) Dharma: (5 photos)

Matuas are the adherents of HARICHAND a CHANDAL religious leader during British time. Chandals (now Namasudra) are the second highest population in West Bengal after partitio

n of Bengal. They are believed to be descendants of the original inhabitants of Bengal. 90% of Muslims of greater Bengal had their origin in Chandals. They dropped off to Islam during Muslim rule leaving only fraction of their original strength. (Chatterjee, S.P: Bengal in Maps, 1948, p.48.). They are the indigenous, aboriginal people of Bengal, who have been living there from time immemorial. ( O’Malley, L.S.S: 1908, 1925).

During Battle of Ten Kings in1300 BC -1100 BC Aryans invaded India, destroyed Indian cities (INDUS) and made the Indian slave. Before that they started to write VEDAS copping the Indian scripts (Aryans didn’t have any script with them). In the 10 mondal (phases) of Rick Vedas they divided the people into 4 Varnas as Brahman, Rajanya, Baisya and Sudra and fixed the rights and duties of the people based on their birth.

GOTAMA the 28th Buddha revolted against the inhuman Aryan religion and united the people under the supreme truth “Dhamma as I understand it consists in recognizing that enmity does not disappear by enmity. It can be conquered by LOVE alone”. But the Satanic elements guided the Brahmans to continue their conspiracy. Again they raised their head and spreaded the poison among the people. They wrote so many books those inspired them to destroying, killing and capturing the properties of aboriginals. ARTHA SASTRA by Kautilya (during 350 BC-280 BC), MANUSMRITI by Bhrigu (the Brahmanical Pinal Code during 185 BC) and SRIMAT BHAGABAT GITA by Sankarachariya(in the name of Vyasas) guided them to do the brutality as their holly duties. During the contra revolution, Brahmans made the 85% of aboriginals slave. In the name of RILIGION they have fragmentized the Indian people into 6748 of castes, adulterating with untouchablity, hate, anger and discriminations. They contaminated the human values pushing vulgar, drinking, smoking of Ganja, sex and polygamy. The religious places were established as brothels. This intoxication made the people inhuman and criminals. Thus BHAKTI MOVEMENT started by the religious leaders of aboriginals. Guru Nanak, Snt. Kabir, Sant. Ravidas, Tukaram, Mirabai so many religious leaders raised their voice against the Heen Dharma introduced by Brahmans.

MATUA the belated Religious Revolution by the CHANDAL leader HARICHAND started against the Brahmans and their Heen Dharma (Hindu). He smashed the chain of slavery by the Brahmans and taught the simplest religion following BUDDHA. He proclaimed MATUA means “Me like You” Dhamma. Every Matua follow his teaching as 12 AGYA(order):

• Be simple.

• Make your nature (character) fresh.

• Feel yourselves in every creature.

• Avoid stealing and untruth.

• Do the right work in hand.

• Avoid the Brahman from your life.

• Keep away VEDAS from your life.

• Do the Garhasta Dhamma(conjugal religion).

• Avoid sensual pleasure and polygamy.

• Avoid alcoholism.

• Be educated and religious.

• Be with agriculture and trade.

The disciples of Harichand Thakur are calle PAGOL (generally stands for mad person) are the wise people organize the villages forming MATUA DAL (groups). Leader of the MATUA DAL is called DALAPATI controls the followers to their religious life.